Initial Publication Date: February 28, 2014

What are the costs of fighting wildfires?

Authors: Alex Parijanlar and Cody Welch

This case study is part of a collection of pages developed by students in the 2012 course, "Megafires: rare events or the new norm," in the Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University. Learn more about this project.

Introduction

This case study will focus on why there has been a significant increase in the cost of fighting these wildfires in recent years. Data in the last 50 years has shown that there is a link between an increase in fire activity and the costs to fight and prevent fires. We explore the cases of Montana and the Sierra Nevada to illustrate why costs have risen, and relate the rise in costs to increasing residential development and climate change. The types of costs are also explained in greater detail.

Jump down to: Resource Costs | Indirect/Additional Costs | Learning Activity | Related Links | References

Cost of Protecting Homes

The costs of fighting wildfires have gone up tremendously in the past decade. Currently these costs make up almost half of the entire Forest Service's expenses which have reached over $3 billion dollars every year and it is currently expected to increase for the foreseeable future. Much of the direct cost for fighting these wildfires come from suppression services. Suppression services include firefighters from local, state, and federal agencies as well as the protection of private land and urban areas. Protection of private property and urban land is a large proportion of the cost, and expected to rise. Census data from 2010 shows that 84% of all private lands near fire-prone forests in the West are vulnerable to fire (Headwaters Economics, 2013). The following are some troubling facts identified by Headwaters Economics:

  • One in five homes (20%) in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) is a second home or cabin, compared to one in twenty-five homes (4%) on other western private lands.
  • If homes were built in half of the forested areas where private land borders public land, firefighting costs every year could reach $4.5 billion.
  • Residential lots that are built near wildlands take up more than six times the space of homes that are built around away from wildlands.

Montana

Nearly 27% of the costs are attributed to trying to protect homes and private property in the WUI (private land near fire-prone public land). Climate change has been shown to be increasing the costs of fighting wildfires statewide. Currently, protecting Montana homes from wildfires costs an average of $27 million every year. This corresponds to an average cost of $8,000 per home to protect. If development of private land in or near fire-prone forests continue, the costs of protecting homes could increase to $40 million a year. If the average summer temperature went up 1°F it would double the costs of protecting homes. The costs of protecting homes could potentially rise to exceed nearly $80 million dollars by 2025 due to the combination of additional development coasts and hotter summers (Headwater Economics, 2013).

Sierra Nevada

According to data collected on research done on 27 different wildfires that took place during 2006 to 2009, residential development has been increasing in the national forests of the Sierra Nevada. As a result, the costs of fighting these wildfires have increased. A rise in the average summer temperatures s typically associated with an increase in acres burned. For example, an increase in the average summer temperature of 1°F is associated with a 35% increase in acres burned. In the past ten years twice as many homes (approximately 13,000) were within a mile of a wildfire compared to the 1980s or 1990s. This is because the number of homes being built in the Sierra Nevada has significantly increased. Since 1950 there have been 900,000 homes built and 1,500 square miles of undeveloped private land converted to low density development. Nearly one-third of the costs of suppressing fire was due to protecting homes. The total cost of all 27 wildfires during that time was $497 million dollars, of which $127 million were attributed to protecting homes (Headwaters Economics, 2013).

Resource Cost by Type

Logistical Needs

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture protecting private property from fires consumes 50% to 95% of all firefighting costs. These costs can be attributed to the need for personnel and equipment for use in the suppression as well as other immediate logistical needs of the fire camp. Immediate logistical needs usually include portable sanitation, toilets, showers and sinks. There is also a need for proper nutrition comparable to a government dining facility for military personnel. Another cost is communication and power links, which may require immediate routing by communication and power companies.

Types of Personnel and Equipment Used to Fight Fires

1. Hand Crew / Engine Personnel - these are usually the first resources to perform what is called the Initial Attack (IA) on a fire. In this stage the fire is scouted, sized up and all info regarding the incident is relayed back to dispatch services. At this point, fire line construction may begin.

The cost of these resources can vary depending on the pay scale and experience of the team that is conducting the Initial Attack. Estimated hourly wage is $15 per hour. On average, each 20 member crew works 12 hour shifts, totaling $3600 for 12 hours for labor alone. The costs of nutritional needs that are usually covered on site are not included in that labor calculation, which can easily add up to $1000 per day.

2. Helicopters - Helicopters are the the ground fire fighter's best friend. A helicopter can drop water on areas that ground resources are having trouble extinguishing. Helicopters transport crew members to remote, hard to reach locations. They also ferry equipment and supplies to crews. Ward Hiesterman, a student from The Washington Institute (a national source of fire science education) completed a study on the cost of national helicopter contracting practices that provides more details about the cost of using helicopters in wildland firefighting.

3. Fixed Wing Aircraft - Fixed wing aircraft are the most effective direct-attack fire fighting resource available. Fixed wing air craft have the versatility to start an Initial Attack well before any other resource can reach the fire if it is in a hard to reach area. Planes are highly effective in laying down fire retardant lines over fire fuels, thus slowing the spread of the fire and allowing other resources to strengthen fire lines. The major cost associated with these units is their use of fuel loads and retardant, in addition to personnel assigned to the aircraft team--the pilots and maintenance crews. The National Interagency Fire Center created a fact sheet that explains the costs of airtanker and firefighting aircraft in 2012.

Indirect/Additional Costs

Indirect Costs are not directly associated to direct wildfire action. The Bureau of Land Management outlines some of the costs in a brochure here.

This L.A. Times article discusses the rising, and sometimes indirect, costs of fighting fires.

 

Learning Activity

Learning Activity: Introduction to Fire in the Earth System (Acrobat (PDF) 3.1MB Apr1 13)

Related Links

You can visit the following links listed below, produced by Headwaters Economics, to learn more about fire activity suppression and costs attributed:

This link leads you to a website that highlights the rising cost of wildfire protection. It includes a report on wildfire protection as well as a summary of wildfire research.

Here is a link that will take you to a page describing the technical costs of fighting wildfires in Montana, specifically.

This link will bring you to a webpage that highlights the controls of fire suppression, what is being accomplished in the effort to fight the growing cost of wild land fire fighting.

References

The True Cost of Wildfire in the Western U.S. (2009, April). Retrieved April 2013, from Western Forestry Leadership Coalition.

2012 Airtanker/Firefighting Aircraft Fact Sheet. (2012). Retrieved April 2013, from National Interagency Fire Center.

Headwaters Economics, 2013. Summary: Wildland Fire Research.

Boxall, B., & Cart, J. (2008, July 27). As wildfires get wilder, the costs of fighting them are untamed. Retrieved April 2013, from Los Angeles Times.

Hiesterman, W. (2010, February). A COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL HELICOPTER CONTRACTING PRACTICES. Retrieved April 2013, from Washington Institute.